Kriole langwej

From Wikipedia
ISO 639:crp dey ridairekt for hia, but dat langwej koud dey inkoporaet pidjins as wel as krioles.

A kriole langwej,[1][2][3] or simpli kriole, bi a staebul nachoral langwej wey develop from di proces of diferen langwejis wey simplifai and mix togeda into a niu fom (often, a pidjin), and then dat fom expand and elaboraet into a ful-fledj langwej wit netiv spikas, aul for a feli brif period of taim. While di koncept dey simila to dat of a mixd or haibrid langwej, krioles often dey karaktaraizd bai a tendensi to systemataiz dia inherited grama (e.g., by eliminatin iregularitis or regularaizin di konjugashon of odawaiz iregula vebs). Laik eni langwej, krioles dey karaktaraizd bai a konsistent system of grama, possess laj stabul vokabularis, and pikin-dem often dey akuaia am as their nativ langwej.Diz tri feachos distinguish a kriole langwej from a pidjin.[4]

Nobodi Sabi di presais nomba of kriole langwejis, patikulali as plenti of dem dey poorly attested or dokumented. Abaut a hundred kriole langwejis don apia since 1500. These predominantli dey bayzd on Europian langwejis laik English and French[5] due to di Europian Aij of Diskovri and di Atlantik slayv traid wey kom up dat taim.[6] Wit improvments for ship-buildin and navigashon, traidas kom get need to len to komunikaet wit pipo araund di wold, and di quikes way to do so na to develop a pidjin; in turn, ful kriole langwejis develop from diz pidjins. In adishon to krioles wey get Europian langwejis as dia bayz, e get, for exampul, krioles wey dey bayzd on Arabik, Chainis, and Malay.

Di lexikon of a kriole langwej dey lajli supplied bai di parent langwejis, patikulali dat of di mos dominant grup for di social kontext of di kriole konstrukshon. Haweva, e often get som kle fonetik and semantik shifts. For di oda hand, di grama wey ga evolve diaof often get niu or uniq feachos wey diferen substanshali from those of di parent langwejis.[7]

Ovaviu[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]

E bi a beliv say for a Kriole to fom, a pidjin, wey adults fom for yuz as a sekond langwej, ga bikom di nativ and praimari langwej of dia pikin-dem – a proces wey wi kom to sabi as netivaizashon.[8] Robert Hall wey bi Amerikan linguist stodi di pidjin-kriole laif cykul for di 1960s.[9]

Plenti of di krioles wey wi sabi today fom for di last 500 years, as a risolt of di woldwide expanshon of Europian maritaim pawa and traid for di Aij of Diskovri, wey lead to extensiv Europian kolonial empaias. Som kriole don evun get di status of ofishal or semi-ofishal langwejis of patikula politikal teritoris.


History[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]

Etymology[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]

Di Naijá tem kriole kom from Ínglish "Kreole" wey kom from French, wey dey kognaet wit di Spanish tem kriollo and Portuguese krioulo, aul bi disendant from di veb kriar ('to breed' or 'to raiz'), aul kom from Latin Templet:Lang-la ('to prodius, kriaet').[10]

Di tems kriollo and krioulo orijinali bi qualifaias in yuz thruaut di Spanish and Portuguese kolonis to distinguish di membas of di etnik grup wey dem bon and raiz lokali from those wey imigraet as adults.

Geographic distribution[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]

As a konsequens of kolonial Europian traid patans, mos of di Europian-bayzd kriole langwejis wey wi sabi today fom from koastal ereas for di equatorial belt araund di wold, inkludin for di Amerikas, westan Afrika, Goa along di wes of India, and along Sauteas Asia up to Indonesia, Singapore, Makau, Hong Kong, di Filippins, Malaysia, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles and Oceania.[11]

Gradualist and developmental hypotheses[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]

Mos kriole fit start as pidjins, rudimentri sekond langwejis wey pipo improvais for yuz between spikas of tuw or moh non-intelijibul nativ langwejis. Keith Whinnom sujes say pidjins need tri langwejis to fom, wit di fes (di supastraet) wey kleli dey dominant ova di odas. Di lexikon of a pidjin usuali dey smol and dey drawn from di vokabularis of e spikas, in varyin proportions. Mofolojikal details laik wod inflekshons, wey usuali dey tek years to len, usuali dey omited; di syntax dey veri simpul, usuali bayzd on strikt wod oda. For dis inishal stej, aul aspekts of di speech – syntax, lexikon, and pronaunciashon – tend to dey quait variabul, especiali wit regard to di spika orijin.

If di pikin-dem of a komuniti manaej to len the pidjin as a nativ langwej, e fit dey fixd and akquaia moh komplex grama, wit fixd fonoloji, syntax, mofoloji, and syntatik embedin. Pidjins fit bikom ful langwejis for onli a singul jenerashon. "Kriolaizashon" bi dis sekond stej whe di pidjin langwej develop into a fuli fomd nativ langwej. Di vokabulari, too, ga develop to kontain moh and moh items akodin to a rashonaal of lexikal enrichment.[12]


Adishonal resosis[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]

Also si[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]


Referens[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]

  1. ↑ "Di stodi of pidjin and kriole langwejis" (PDF).
  2. ↑ "Langwej varaietis: Pidjins and krioles" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
  3. ↑ "Typolojaizin gramatikal komplexitis, or Whai krioles fit dey paradaimatikali simpul but syntagmatikali averaij" (PDF).
  4. ↑ McWhorter, J. H. (2005). Defining creole. Oxford University Press.
  5. ↑ "Creole – Language Information & Resources". www.alsintl.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  6. ↑ Linguistics, ed. Anne E. Baker, Kees Hengeveld, p. 436
  7. ↑ Siegel, Jeff (2008). Di Emagens of Pidjin and Kriole Langwejis (in Ínglish). New York: Oxford Linguistics. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-19-921666-6.
  8. ↑ Templet:Harvcoltxt
  9. ↑ Templet:Harvcoltxt
  10. ↑ Templet:Harvcoltxt.
  11. ↑ Chambers, Douglas B. (2008-12-01). "Slayv traid merchants of Spanish Niu Orleans, 1763–1803: Klarifyin di jolonial slayv traid to Louisiana for Atlantik paspektiv". Atlantik Stodis. 5 (3): 335–346. doi:10.1080/14788810802445024. ISSN 1478-8810. S2CID 159786747.
  12. ↑ Templet:Harvcoltxt

Bibliografi[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]

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  • Wittmann, Henri (1999), "Prototype as a typological yardstick to creoleness", The Creolist Archives Papers On-Line, Stockholms Universitet
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Templet:Refend

Further reading[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]

  • Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (1995), Pidgins and Creoles: An introduction, Amsterdam: Benjamins, ISBN 90-272-5236-X
  • Arends, Jacques (1989), Syntactic Developments in Sranan: Creolization as a gradual process, Nijmegen: Katholieke Universiteit ti Nijmegen, ISBN 90-900268-3-5
  • Bickerton, Derek (2009), Bastard Tongues: A Trailblazing Linguist Finds Clues to Our Common Humanity in the World's Lowliest Languages, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-8090-2816-0
  • DeGraff, Michel (2001), "On the origin of creoles: A Cartesian critique of Neo-Darwinian linguistics", Linguistic Typology, 5 (2–3): 213–310
  • DeGraff, Michel (2002), "Relexification: A reevaluation" (PDF), Linguistic Anthropology, 44 (4): 321–414, JSTOR 30028860
  • DeGraff, Michel (2003), "Against Creole Exceptionalism", Language, 79 (2): 391–410, doi:10.1353/lan.2003.0114, S2CID 47857823
  • Eckkrammer, Eva (1994), "How to Pave the Way for the Emancipation of a Creole Language. Papiamentu, or What Can a Literature Do for its Language", in Hoogbergen, Wim (ed.), Born Out of Resistance. On Caribbean Cultural Creativity, Utrecht: Isor-Publications
  • Fertel, Rien (2014), Imagining the Creole City: The Rise of Literary Culture in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press
  • Gil, David (2001), "Creoles, Complexity and Riau Indonesian", Linguistic Typology, 5: 325–371
  • Good, Jeff (2004), "Tone and accent in Saramaccan: Charting a deep split in the phonology of a language", Lingua, 114 (5): 575–619, doi:10.1016/S0024-3841(03)00062-7, S2CID 18601673
  • Holm, John (1989), Pidgins and Creoles, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Hunter Smith, Norval Selby (1987), The Genesis of the Creole Languages of Surinam, Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam
  • Lang, Jürgen (2009), Les langues des autres dans la créolisation : théorie et exemplification par le créole d'empreinte wolof à l'île Santiago du Cap Vert, Tübingen: Narr
  • McWhorter, John H. (1998), "Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class", Language, 74 (4): 788–818, doi:10.2307/417003, JSTOR 417003
  • McWhorter, John H. (2005), Defining Creole, Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Meisel, Jürgen (1977), Langues en Contact – Pidgins – Creoles, Tübingen: Narr
  • Mufwene, Salikoko (2000), "Creolization is a social, not a structural, process", in Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid; Schneider, Edgar (eds.), Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 65–84
  • Muysken, Pieter; Law, Paul (2001), "Creole studies: A theoretical linguist's field guide", Glot International, 5 (2): 47–57
  • Parkvall, Mikael (2000), Out of Africa: African influences in Atlantic Creoles, London: Battlebridge
  • Singler, John Victor (1988), "The homogeneity of the substrate as a factor in pidgin/creole genesis", Language, 64 (1): 27–51, doi:10.2307/414784, JSTOR 414784
  • Singler, John Victor (1996), "Theories of creole genesis, sociohistorical considerations, and the evaluation of evidence: The case of Haitian Creole and the Relexification Hypothesis", Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 11 (2): 185–230, doi:10.1075/jpcl.11.2.02sin
  • Wittmann, Henri (1983), "Les réactions en chaîne en morphologie diachronique" (PDF), Actes du Colloque de la Société Internationale de Linguistique Fonctionnelle, 10: 285–92
  • Wittmann, Henri (1998), "Le français de Paris dans le français des Amériques" (PDF), Proceedings of the International Congress of Linguists, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 16
  • Wittmann, Henri (1999). "Prototype as a typological yardstick to creoleness." The Creolist Archives Papers On-Line, Stockholms Universitet.
  • Wittmann, Henri (2001). "Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French." CreoList debate, parts I-VI, appendixes 1–9. The Linguist List, Eastern Michigan University|Wayne State University

External links[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]

Templet:Commons category

In French[chenj-am | chenj-am for orijin]

Templet:Creoles, pidgins and mixed languages Templet:Authority control

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