Efik language

 

Nhazi Efik /ˈɛfɪk/ (Usem Efịk) bụ asụsụ ụmụ amaala nke ndị Efik,Efik people, di na Cross River State na Akwa Ibom State nke Naijiria , yana na North-West nke Cameroon. Asụsụ Efik na asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị ala Cross River dị ka Ibibio, Annang, Oro na Ekid na-aghọta ibe ha mana ogo nghọta n'ihe gbasara Oro na Ekit bụ otu ụzọ; n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị a na-ekwu ma ghọta Efik (na Ibibio) mana ọ bụghị vice versa. Okwu Efik enwetala ọgaranya ma nwee mmetụta site na mmekọrịta mpụga na ndị Britain, Portuguese na obodo ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu dịka Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat na Ekoi (Qua)..

Nhazi

The Niger–Congo languages

Asụsụ Efik enweela ọtụtụ nhazi asụsụ kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Mgbalị mbụ nke ịhazi Asụsụ Efik bụ site n'aka Dr. Baikie na 1854. Baikie kwuru, "Asụsụ niile dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri site na One ruo Old Kalabar, nwere njikọ, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè ma ọ bụ na-apụghị ịhụ anya, na Igbo, nke Dr. Latham mechara gwa na, ọ nwere njikọ na klas Kafir"". Klas Kafir bụ okwu mkparị eji akọwa asụsụ Bantu.[7] Ya mere, Dr Baikie na-anwa ịhazi Asụsụ Efik dị ka ihe jikọtara ya na asụsụ Bantu. Mgbalị ọzọ iji kewaa asụsụ Efik bụ nke Rev. Hugh Goldie onye kewara asụsụ Efik dị ka otu n'ime asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke ọ na-ekwu, "na-emepụta akụkụ ka ukwuu nke ya dịka klas Semitic na-eme, site na mgbọrọgwụ nke ngwaa.. Ya mere, Dr Baikie na-anwa ịhazi Asụsụ Efik dị ka ihe jikọtara ya na asụsụ Bantu. Mgbalị ọzọ iji kewaa asụsụ Efik bụ nke Rev. Hugh Goldie onye kewara asụsụ Efik dị ka otu n'ime asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke ọ na-ekwu, "na-emepụta akụkụ ka ukwuu nke ya dịka klas Semitic na-eme, site na mgbọrọgwụ nke ngwaa.." Westermann mere mgbalị ọzọ bụ onye kewara asụsụ Efik dị ka nke West Sudan nke asụsụ Sudan. Ọ bụ Greenberg mere nhazi asụsụ dị ugbu a bụ onye na-achịkọta Efik na ezinụlọ Benue-Congo nke ezinụlọ Niger-Congo West Sudan group of the Sudanic languages. . Otu n'ime njirimara nke itinye asụsụ Efik n'ime ezinụlọ Niger-Congo bụ ọdịdị ya. Dị ka Greenberg si kwuo, "àgwà nke ọdịdị Niger-Congo nke na-enye isi ihe maka ntụnyere bụ usoro nkewa aha site na affixes abụọ." i6." N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke aha ndị na-anọchi anya ya na okwu Efik, ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Der-Houssikian katọrọ nhazi asụsụ Greenberg na-ekwu, "Ike n'ime ntinye Efik nwere ọtụtụ aha ndị na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Goldie. Nke a na-eweta ozugbo ohere nke nkọwa dị iche iche na nkọwa dị iche. Goldie akọwaghị ọdịiche dị otú ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-enweghị obi abụọ site na 51 ruo 36.Faraclass n'ihe ọmụmụ ya gbasara asụsụ Cross River, kewara asụsụ Efik dị ka onye so na obere obere Cross otu Delta-Cross nke bụ ndọtị nke otu nnukwu Cross River bụ isi n'ime ezinụlọ Benue Congo.[1]

Akụkọ Ihe mere eme

Efịk Edere ede

Edebere asụsụ Efik na 1812 site n'aka Chief Eyo Nsa, nke a makwaara dị ka Willy Eyo Honesty. E nwetara okwu ndị a site n’aka Chief Eyo Nsa site n’aka G. A. Robertson::

Eyo's vocabulary	Modern Efik	English
hittam	itam	'hat'
hecat	ikọt	'bush'
henung	inụn̄	'salt'
erto	eto	'tree'
wang	n̄wan	'woman'
erboir	ebua	'dog'
heuneck	unek	'dance'

Tupu Chief Eyo Nsa edepụta okwu n'asụsụ Efik, ọtụtụ ndị ahịa na old Calabar ga dee ma debe akwụkwọ akụkọ na asụsụ Bekee . Akwụkwọ ozi mbụ edere site n'aka ndị isi nke Old Calabar bụ 1776. Ya mere, a kwadoworị ebe a ga-ede akwụkwọ n’asụsụ Efik tupu ndị ozi ala ọzọ ahụ abịarute.. Mgbe United Presbyterian Church of Scotland Mission rutere Old Calabar na 1846, Reverend Hope Waddell na Samuel Edgerley site n'enyemaka nke onye ahịa Efik Egboyoung (Ekpenyong) malitere ndekọ nke okwu Efik; Ebipụtara ndị a na akwụkwọ nta akụkọ lithographic ha wee kwado ya na 1849. Mgbe ndị ozi ala ọzọ bịarutere, e nwere nsogbu imepụta ihe odide kwesịrị ekwesị maka Asụsụ Efik. Ọ bụ Dọkịta Lepsius chepụtara ihe odide ndị ozi ala ọzọ họpụtara bụ́ onye a chọpụtara na usoro ya na mkpụrụedemede ụda olu dabara adaba maka asụsụ Efik n’oge ahụ. E mechara wepụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Efik nke mbụ na 1862 site n'aka Rev. Hugh Goldie na Efik bụ nke Goldie mepụtara na 1874.. Asụsụ Efik na-amụba n'akwụkwọ e dere ede, bụ́ ebe ndị ozi ala ọzọ na ndị Efik, n'otu n'otu, keere òkè bụ́ isi.. Ọrụ okpukpe mbụ a sụgharịrị n’asụsụ Efik gụnyere Agba Ochie nke Alexander Robb dechara na 1868 ma bipụta ya na 1873; Akwụkwọ ozi Pọl degaara ndị Hibru nke William Anderson sụgharịrị ma bipụta ya. Ndị ozi obodo nyekwara aka n'ịgbasa akwụkwọ okpukpe ndị Efik. Reverend Esien Esien Ukpabio, onye ozi Efik mbụ e chiri echichi na 1872, nke a sụgharịrị n’asụsụ Efik, Dr. J.H. Wilson's "Oziọma na mkpụrụ ya"". Asuquo Ekanem onye bụkwa onye ozi Efik tụgharịrị agha nsọ John Bunyan n'asụsụ Efik. Ndị Efik malitekwara ide abụ Ụka ma bipụta ha. William Inyang Ndang onye nọrọla oge na Britain bụ onye Efik mbụ webatara otu ukwe n'ime ụka dị na Calabar ma nye aka n'ọtụtụ ukwe Ụka ya na nwunye ya, Oriakụ Jane Ndang. Site n'afọ 1930 ruo 1950, e bipụtara magazin, akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ oge n'asụsụ Efik. Site na mmalite 1930s, e nwere akwụkwọ akụkọ dị peeji iri na abụọ na nkeji iri na ise na Efik, "Obụkpɔn Obio" (Town Bugle) nke Reverend James Ballantyne deziri. Emebere ọrụ ahụ maka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ozuzu ya wee gosipụta isiokwu dị iche iche, site na Usuhọde ye Uforo Obio (The ọdịda na ọganihu obodo) ruo Ufọk Ndọ (Matrimonial home) na isiokwu ndị ọzọ yiri ya. Ihe sochiri nke a n’afọ ndị 1940 bụ “Un̄wana” (ìhè), bụ́ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke nwere peeji 32 kwa ọnwa, nke E.N. Amaku. Site na 1948 rue 1950, akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere peeji asatọ dị na Efik kwa izu, "Obodom Edem Usiahautin" (Eastern Talking Drum), nke Chief Etim Ekpenyong deziri na nke e bipụtara na Henshaw Press ka erere na 2d nke ọ bụla.Ọ na-eweta akụkọ ụwa oge niile (Mbụk n̄kpọntibe ererimbuot) ma bụrụkwa nke a na-agụkarị. N’ihi ya, asụsụ Efik enwetawo ọtụtụ agụmakwụkwọ kemgbe ndị ozi ala ọzọ Ndị Kraịst bịarutere na 1846..

Ngbasa asụ asụsụ Efik

The Lord's Prayer in Efik (Efic), 1905 book (upper part page). This orthography makes heavy use of umlauts.

N'ihi nnukwu ọrụ ahịa ndị Efik na-eme, asụsụ ahụ ghọrọ asụsụ obodo Cross River.. Dị ka Offiong na Ansa si kwuo,

Asụsụ Efik kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ etoola n'ọkwa na ọ na-achị asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-asụ na gburugburu Cross River State. Asụsụ dị ka asụsụ Kiong nke ndị Okoyong na-asụ apụọla n'iyi n'ihi na ndị na-asụ ya amụtala asụsụ Efik kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. Otu a ka a na-ekwukwa maka asụsụ Efut nke ndị Efut na Calabar South na-asụ, ewezuga asụsụ nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke steeti Cross River na-asụ dị ka L1, ọ bụ L2 ma ọ bụ L3 nke ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala Cross River. Maka ebumnuche mgbasa ozi, a na-ejikarị asụsụ a eme ihe mgbe Bekee gachara na steeti ahụ. A na-agbasa mgbasa ozi telivishọn na redio kwa ụbọchị n'akụkụ dị iche iche, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị niile nọ na South senatorial na akụkụ nke Central Senatorial District nke steeti na-eji asụsụ a. N'agụmakwụkwọ, enwere usoro mmụta praịmarị na nke sekọndrị nke Efik n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Na mmepe nke linguistics, a na-amụ ya na ọkwa mahadum dị na Calabar.

N'ime ndị Ibibio, a nabatara asụsụ Efik dị ka asụsụ nke akwụkwọ n'ihi nsụgharị nke Church of Scotland mission sụgharịrị Bible na Efik.. Asụsụ Efik ka dịkwa na West Indies n'ihi mbupụ ndị ohu na mpaghara Cross River. Enwere ike ịchọta okwu sitere na Efik n'okwu ndị Gullah Geechee nke United States. N'ime ndị mbata na Cuba, a na-eji ụdị asụsụ Efik chegharịa na nzuzo Abakuá, bụ nke sitere na Efik Ekpe nzuzo ọha na eze na Nigeria.

Ụda Mkpụrụokwu

Mgbochiume

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio-velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiced	b	d
	voiceless		t		k	k͡p
Fricative		f	s				h
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Tap			ɾ
Approximant				j		w

Mkpọ okwu dị iche iche nke otu fọnịm.

Some Efik alphabetic changes

1862–1929	1929–1975	1975–2012	2012–present
ö	ɔ	ọ	ọ
ñ	ŋ	n̄	ñ
ë	–	ẹ	–
ï	–	ị	–
ü	–	ụ	–
kh	–	gh, g	gh, g?

Akwụkwọ ọnụ

Na mkpokọta 1865 ya, Wit and Wisdom from West Africa, Richard Francis Burton bipụtara ihe karịrị 400 ilu na okwu Efik nwere ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee, ewetere site na Goldie's Dictionary of the Efik Language. Nke a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime okwu ndị ahụ:

• "Owo odua ke ukut, adaha; owo odua ke inua, idahake." "Onye daa n'ukwu-ya (ya bu ntupu) ga-ebili ọzọ; onye daa n'ọnu-ya agaghi-ebili." (#34)
• "Owo ese edun edem nkpo; Abasi ese idem eset." "Mmadụ na-ele anya naanị n'èzí ihe; Chineke na-eleba anya n'obi." (#50)
• "Inyan inyan ofiok edem ubum; kpa ntre ke Abasi ofiok ini mkpa." "Ọ bụ naanị oké osimiri nke maara ala nke ụgbọ mmiri; ya mere, naanị Chineke maara oge ọnwụ." (#51)
• "Edim idibonke udi mi." "miri-ozuzo agaghi-atukwasi ilim; nke pụtara: Enwere m nwa nwoke ga-ewu ụlọ n'elu ili m; Amụghị m nwa

Hụkwa

• Efik literature

Ntuaka

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External links

• ELAR documentation of Dirge songs among the Urban people [Efik and Ibibio]
• Efik Language—The Orthography